In recent years, with the enhancement of living standards and the government's strong support for the sports industry, numerous modern sports facilities have been newly constructed or renovated. These venues serve as essential spaces for indoor sports competitions, requiring not only high-quality equipment but also optimal lighting conditions. Proper illumination is crucial for ensuring visibility for athletes, referees, and spectators, while maintaining a comfortable and visually appealing environment.
Stadium lighting design involves several key technical parameters. One of the most important is the illumination standard, which varies depending on the type of sport and whether it is for practice or competition. For example, provincial-level stadiums must meet specific requirements for color television broadcasting, including appropriate light levels and uniformity. The ratio between the minimum and maximum illuminance should be at least 0.5 to ensure even lighting across the playing surface. Additionally, fire emergency lighting is required in such venues, typically set at 10% of the standard illumination level, as per building codes like the "Civil Building Electrical Design Code" (JGJ/T16-92) and "Building Design Fire Protection Code" (GBJ16-87).
The color temperature and color rendering index of the light sources are also critical factors in sports venue lighting. Different sports require different lighting characteristics, as outlined in Table 1. For instance, warm-colored lighting (Category I) is suitable for smaller training areas, while cooler tones (Category III) are used in outdoor competition venues. Most modern stadiums use metal halide lamps due to their high luminous efficiency, good color rendering, and long lifespan, making them ideal for both competitions and television broadcasts.
Lighting calculations play a vital role in the design process. Two common methods are the utilization coefficient method and the point-by-point calculation method. The former is often used during the initial design phase to estimate the number of lights needed, while the latter provides more accurate results by calculating the illuminance at each specific point. This method is especially useful for detailed construction drawings and allows for adjustments to lamp placement and angles to achieve optimal lighting distribution.
Glare control is another essential aspect of stadium lighting. Excessive glare can affect athlete performance, referee judgment, and audience experience. Measures such as using anti-glare baffles, positioning lights at a 45° angle relative to the main movement direction, and ensuring that edge-mounted lights are installed at an elevation of over 30° help reduce glare effectively.
Lamp selection depends on factors like luminous efficacy, color temperature, and durability. Metal halide lamps are widely used in stadiums due to their balance of performance and cost. Emergency lighting systems must also be considered, particularly in areas where instant activation is required, such as in swimming pools.
The lighting control system has evolved from simple relay-based setups to advanced computerized systems. These intelligent systems allow for flexible and efficient control of lighting scenarios, enabling operators to adjust settings based on different events. They also provide features like time recording, automatic statistics, and manual override options for emergencies.
A real-world example is the Fujian Swimming and Diving Hall, where the lighting system was designed to meet international standards. It uses 115 metal halide lamps, a 32-channel intelligent control system, and ensures proper illumination for both competition and broadcast purposes. After installation, the system met all specified requirements and successfully hosted a national synchronized swimming event.
Several considerations remain important in stadium lighting design. For example, the lighting of internal grid structures should not be overlooked, as it enhances visual aesthetics and reduces glare. Similarly, electrical accessories boxes are necessary for maintenance and power factor correction, especially when using gas discharge lamps. Fire emergency lighting should be integrated with the main system for cost efficiency and reliability.
As technology continues to advance, the future of stadium lighting will focus on energy efficiency, smart controls, and sustainable practices. By combining these elements, designers can create lighting systems that are both functional and visually striking, meeting the demands of modern sports venues.
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