The basis of ELISA is the solid phase of the antigen or antibody and the enzyme labeling of the antigen or antibody. The antigen or antibody bound to the surface of the solid phase carrier still maintains its immunological activity, and the enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody retains both its immunological activity and enzyme activity. During the measurement, the test specimen (the antibody or antigen therein) is reacted with the antigen or antibody on the surface of the solid phase carrier. The antigen-antibody complex formed on the solid phase carrier is separated from other substances in the liquid by washing. Enzyme-labeled antigens or antibodies are added, and are also bound to the solid-phase carrier through the reaction. At this time, the amount of enzyme on the solid phase is proportional to the amount of test substance in the specimen. After adding the substrate for the enzyme reaction, the substrate is catalyzed by the enzyme into a colored product. The amount of the product is directly related to the amount of the test substance in the specimen, so qualitative or quantitative analysis can be performed according to the depth of the color. Due to the high catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, the results of the immune response are indirectly amplified, making the assay method highly sensitive. ELISA can be used to measure antigens and antibodies.
However, there are many factors that affect the results of the Elisa trial, so it is only by strengthening the quality assurance of each link that the advantages of its methodology can be fully utilized.
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