Talking about the Technology and Application of IC Card in Urban Rail Transit

introduction

IC card applications have now penetrated into many applications such as banking, telecommunications, social security, intelligent transportation, industrial and commercial taxation, public utilities, fueling, and tobacco. Among them, the application of urban rail transit in IC card is more and more extensive, providing passengers with fast and convenient and high-quality services. Therefore, the technical research and application of IC card in urban rail transit has become an inevitable trend.

First, the IC card overview

1. Types of IC cards

The IC card (Integrated Circuit Card) is another new type of information tool that emerged after the magnetic card. In some countries and regions, IC cards are also called smart cards, smart cards, microcircuit cards or microchip cards. It embeds a microelectronic chip into a card base conforming to the ISO 7816 standard and forms a card. The IC card chip has the ability to write data and store data. The contents of the IC card memory can be conditionally provided for external reading as needed. It has been widely used in many fields including finance, transportation, social security, etc. for internal information processing and judgment.

According to the internal structure of the IC card, it can be divided into three types: a memory card, a logical encryption card, and a CPU card.

According to the application field of the IC card, it can be divided into two categories: financial card and non-financial card.

According to the card reading and writing methods, smart cards are generally divided into the following four categories:

• Contact card: Data can be exchanged by contact between the contacts on the read/write device and the contacts on the card.

• Contactless card: The card has no direct contact with the reading and writing device, and the wireless non-contact technology is used to complete the reading and writing. Compared with the contact card, the RF transceiver circuit is added. Main application of rail transit AFC

• Dual interface card: contact and non-contact share a chip operating system COS.

• Composite card: Physically combined, the contact and contactless chips themselves are not associated.

2. Comparative analysis of IC card and other cards

The main comparison product of the IC card is a magnetic stripe card. Compared with the magnetic stripe card, the IC card has the characteristics of high security, long data storage value and long service life. In addition, the IC card itself is convenient to use, and the identity authentication function is special. It can provide logic control within the card, and it is easy to expand and upgrade. Moreover, the IC card has high processability and can be made into different types such as standard cards and special-shaped cards.

Due to its simple structure, small storage capacity, poor security and confidentiality, and complicated reading and writing equipment and high maintenance costs, the magnetic card has become a product of the technical level in the 1970s and 1980s and is facing elimination. The contact type IC card is more secure and reliable than the magnetic card. In addition to the large storage capacity, it can also be used for one card. At the same time, the reliability is higher than that of the magnetic card and the life is long. The reading and writing mechanism is simpler and more reliable than the magnetic card reading and writing mechanism, and the cost is cheaper and maintenance. Convenient and easy to promote. Due to the above advantages, the contact IC card market has spread all over the world and is very popular. At the same time, the birth of the non-contact IC card international standard ISO14443 will make it compatible with contact IC cards, thus bringing endless potential to non-contact IC cards. Undoubtedly, the non-contact IC card of Dacheng will be the leader in many fields such as identity, finance, electronic money, public transportation, intelligent buildings, residential property and social security.

3, non-contact smart IC card (we are more accustomed to call CPU card) and logical encryption card each have their own advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of contactless smart IC cards are:

• High reliability: no mechanical contact between the non-contact IC card and the reader, no exposed chip on the surface, no need to worry about the chip falling off, electrostatic breakdown, bending damage, etc., which is convenient for card printing and improves the card. Reliability of use.

• Convenient and fast operation: Due to non-contact communication, the reader can operate the card within the range of 2.5cm/10cm, so there is no need to insert or remove the card, and there is no directionality when used. The card can sweep the surface of the reader in any direction. The operation is completed, which greatly increases the speed of each use.

• Anti-collision: The contactless card has a fast anti-collision mechanism that prevents data interference between cards, so the reader can handle multiple non-contact IC cards "simultaneously". This improves the parallelism of the application and virtually increases the speed of the system.

• Can be suitable for a variety of applications: The storage structure of the contactless card makes it more versatile and can be applied to different systems. Users can set different passwords and access conditions according to different applications.

• Good encryption performance: The serial number of the contactless card is unique. The serial number is solidified by the manufacturer before leaving the factory and cannot be changed. The two-way authentication mechanism is adopted between the contactless card and the reader, and the mutual authentication is performed three times with the reader before processing, and all data is encrypted during the communication process. In addition, each sector in the card has its own operating password access conditions.

• Reliable work: The M1 card writes the data that has been successfully processed for each transaction and writes it into the read/write area. If the transaction data is missing and not sound, the CPU will cancel the transaction.

The disadvantage of the non-contact smart IC card is that the antenna and the dedicated chip in the card are connected by solder joints. When the card is bent excessively, the card is easy to be invalid; in some occasions where the radio frequency interference is relatively strong, the communication is easy to fail; the security is also lower than the contact type. IC card, etc.

The logical encryption card adds control logic to the chip memory area and needs to check the password before accessing the memory area. In addition to the above EEPROM memory, the IC card is also provided with a logic encryption circuit to provide hardware encryption means, so that not only the storage capacity is large, but also the security is strong, and the storage data can be read and written securely. And can authenticate the user identity. Since the password is not stored in the reader software but on the IC card, although the confidentiality is higher than that of the general memory, the password authentication is one-way authentication, and it is relatively easy to crack compared to the CPU card.

Second, the application of IC card

1. Overview of IC card application in various fields

At present, IC cards are widely used in data storage, small-volume consumption, e-wallet, identity authentication, mobile communication and other fields, especially identity authentication. China's identity card system has been changed to IC card system, and some countries have matured the application of electronic passport system. . In recent years, for the security of data, bank cards are gradually implementing EMV migration, that is, turning to financial IC cards. For this reason, Visa and Master have set corresponding application standards, and the People's Bank of China has also established a special application for financial IC cards. The PBOC 2.0 standard. On the basis of PBOC 2.0, other application industries have also set standards for some industries, such as the medical insurance IC card standard of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the fuel card standard of PetroChina, and the application technology of integrated circuit (IC) card of the Ministry of Construction. Standards, etc. These industry standards are already in practical use. Although they have not yet formed mandatory standards, they will be used for reference by the industries involved. In addition, IC cards are gradually being used, such as telephone cards and SIM cards in the telecommunications industry, hydropower and gas payment in public utilities, information management within government departments and organizations, and application of electronic wallets.

2. Application of IC card in urban public transportation

The application of IC cards in urban public transportation is the most widely used except ID card system. From the earliest bus stored value cards to the late city card, it is almost a man. Due to the widespread use of bus stored value cards, the rapid development of contactless card technology has also been promoted. The continuous updating of intelligent non-contact technology and the promotion of public transportation technology can be said to be indispensable. Coupled with the development of urban rail transit in recent years, the single-pass ticket application for the automatic ticket inspection AFC system is gradually being rolled out in various cities. It is believed that in the next few years, urban public transportation IC cards and their applications will be a very popular topic, which have created conditions for the application of IC cards in urban public transportation.

3. The application and development trend of IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of subway

The Metro Automatic Ticket Checking System (AFC) is a window to show the image of the subway. It is an important means for the subway to realize a reasonable metering and counting system. It is an important part of the modern operation management of the subway. The ticket is not only a certificate for the ride, but also a carrier for important information on the operation and management of the subway. Subway tickets are divided according to the number of rides, and there are single-way tickets and multi-way stored value tickets. At present, the media for stored value tickets has been gradually replaced by non-contact IC cards by conventional magnetic cards. According to the different integrated circuits embedded in the IC card, it can be divided into three categories: a memory card, a logical encryption card, and a CPU card. At present, the non-contact IC card is the preferred medium for the value-for-money tickets of various countries. In the automatic ticket checking system (AFC) of Hong Kong, South Korea, Shanghai and Nanjing Metro, the non-contact IC card is selected.

The logical encryption card is an intermediate transition product between the memory card and the CPU card. It uses a specific logical function relationship to prevent unauthorized persons from reading or modifying the data. The encryption method of the card is realized by the circuit in the chip design process. Once the chip is manufactured, its encryption form is fixed and it is not easy to modify it. In the public transportation system, as a small amount of stored value card, the application is very wide, and its non-contact representative chip is the Mifare1 of philips. However, in the subway application, with the development of non-contact technology, the cost of the CPU card is greatly reduced, and the subway project that selects the logical encryption card as the stored value card is rare, so the application of the ordinary logical encryption card in the AFC system has basically disappeared.

The contactless CPU card is mainly used in the stored value card system. It protects and manages the data through the built-in central processor. The built-in chip operating system COS allows the publisher to easily modify the file system and encryption algorithms. These are not possible with a logical encryption card. Because the value of the stored value card is relatively high, the characteristics of the financial IC card are already obvious, and it conforms to the usage standard of the electronic wallet. Therefore, in the application of the subway AFC system, it is generally considered to select the non-contact CPU card that satisfies PBOC2.0 as the storage. Value card. In some places, with reference to the standards of the Ministry of Construction, some of the industry's special requirements are imposed on a small number of operating instructions for the card COS. However, because the standards of the Ministry of Construction itself have not been publicly promulgated, there are several subway projects in various places, and some systems have been in operation for several years. Therefore, the standards of the Ministry of Construction are only for reference and have not been implemented.

Between the CPU card and the logical encryption card function, there is also a quasi-CPU card that satisfies the basic functions of the CPU card, with an algorithm and a simple operating system. The data transmission is also through two-way authentication, but its operating system has been solidified. Inside the chip, upgrades are not possible and do not meet PBOC 2.0 standards. This kind of card is called a quasi-CPU card, such as Philips Desfire and other chips. Because of the rapid development of contactless CPU cards and the establishment of corresponding standards, it is still a recent matter. In the early days of subway applications, many cities chose quasi-CPU cards.

Third, IC card security technology

IC card (Integrated Circuit Card) is also called integrated circuit card or smart card (Smart Card). IC card chip is an integrated circuit chip. Its security is the basis of IC card security. It should be perfect in the design stage of chip. Security measures. In general, the attack on the IC card chip mainly includes the following: scanning the internal logic of the memory or the chip through an electron microscope, directly performing the analysis and reading; reading the memory content through the test probe; directly through the interface obtained from the outside The memory or the processor performs data access; and then activates the test function of the chip for the IC card.

In order to prevent the attack on the IC card chip, the security of the IC card is composed of three different levels of security protection links, one is the physical security technology of the chip; the second is the security technology of the card manufacturing; the third is the communication security technology of the card. These three aspects together form the card's security system, ensuring the security of the card from production to use. The following is an analysis of the internal structure of the IC card to further explain how the IC card security is specifically implemented.

1. The internal basic structure of the IC card and the functions of each component

The internal structure of the IC card mainly depends on the chip structure. The structure is slightly different depending on the type of card. We use the most representative CPU card chip to explain:

Logical structure diagram of CPU chip

The above is the internal structure of the CPU card, and other different types of cards are respectively reduced according to their classification. The EEPROM area is equivalent to the hard disk space on the PC, and is the data area of ​​the card COS and the application. The EEPROM is an electrical erase memory and the basic operations include erase, read and write.

2. Security analysis and security mechanism of IC card

The IC card security system is the core module of the IC card, and the high-level security protection is also the basis for the widespread use of the IC card. The security of the IC card refers to the security control capability of accessing data objects in the card. The security mechanism generally refers to all elements related to security in the IC card. The set of security mechanisms required for the IC card to perform security operations and secure information transmission is the overall security environment of the IC card. The security environment specifies the encryption algorithm to be executed in the command when operating the IC card, the type of operation performed, the key used, and other additional data required in the security mechanism. In other words, the security environment determines the security level of the card itself, and these are related to the subsequent operational instructions of the card and the application definition of the card itself. The security of the IC card can be achieved by selecting chips designed with different security features and different chip operating systems (COS).

As for the different security of the logical encryption card and the CPU card, depending on the different structural mechanisms of the two cards themselves, the difference is obvious. The security comparison between the CPU cards requires specific card analysis, and the encryption algorithm to be executed by the card itself, the type of operation performed, the key used, and other additional data required in the security mechanism. Association.

At present, only the magnetic stripe card can be used for comparison with the IC card. Magnetic stripe cards can be copied one-to-one. The security is mainly guaranteed by a large back-end system. The IC card starts with a logical encryption card and has its own control logic. It needs to check the password before accessing the storage area. One-way authentication is required; to a more secure CPU card, the algorithm unit and the operating system need to be almost impossible to crack the two-way authentication, and the security and the application of the magnetic stripe card are not the same.

Fourth, the application of IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro

1. Types and implementation functions of IC cards in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro

The application of IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro is mainly divided into one-way ticket and square card:

(1) The one-way ticket for the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system is Ultralight Token, which is mainly used for ordinary one-way tickets, outbound tickets and commemorative one-way tickets. For one-way tickets and outbound tickets, it can be recycled in the station, and can be recycled to the central coding system for re-encoding and sorting. The commemorative one-way ticket will not be recycled except for the one-way ticket. Station, has a certain collection value.

(2) The square card of the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system uses the Mifare DesFire card and the Mifare Standard 1K card, which is mainly used for the Nanjing Metro special stored value card, including the counting card, stored value card, commemorative card, employee ticket and Nanjing. A card card issued by the utility IC card company. The credit card is deducted according to the number of rides, and can be recharged on the semi-automatic ticket vending machine after use; the stored value card is deducted according to the mileage set by the system according to the mileage of the ride, and can be performed on the semi-automatic ticket vending machine. Recharge; the commemorative card contains two types of counting and stored value. In addition to the functions of counting and stored value cards, it has a certain collection value, and can not be recharged after use; employee tickets are mainly used for internal employees of the subway. Cars, equipment maintenance and operation; the card is mainly issued by the Nanjing Public Utilities IC Card Company. The function is the same as that of the subway-dedicated stored-value card, and it can take various public transportation such as public transportation except the subway. Ferry and so on.

2. The processing of various ticket cards in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro

The ticket processing process in the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system is roughly divided into two types, one is the one-way ticket processing flow, and the other is the processing process of the square card.

The processing procedure for the party card includes card initialization, sale, pit stop, outbound, ticket card analysis adjustment, ticket card adjustment, and the outbound ticket is issued according to the ticketing regulations, the outbound ticket is outbound, the ticket card is reported to be lost, and the ticket card is unlocked. Since the one-card ticket card is a ticket card issued by Nanjing Public Utilities IC Card Company, its processing flow is managed by the ticket card issued by Nanjing Public Utilities IC Card Company, and will not be described here.

One-way ticket processing flow: initialization (encoding) - automatic ticketing (receipt, background recording data) - entry (ticket, background record data) - start (recover ticket card, ticket card record part of the data and clear Record of entry, record data in the background) - clearing - recycling

3. Problems to be solved in the application of IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro

As the earliest IC card automatic ticket checking system in China, the Nanjing Metro has been in operation for more than three years. Over time, the flow of subway traffic has increased and the use of equipment has become more frequent. Relative to the more precise requirements of the IC card system for equipment, the aging problem of a small number of reading and writing machines is also considered. At the same time, after such a long period of operation, the repeated use of ticket cards has made the life cycle of some IC cards fast, and how to analyze these ticket cards through effective methods and means has become a key issue.

On the other hand, due to the inexperience of the construction of the AFC system of Nanjing Metro Line 1, the card readers included the vendor-specific encryption chip, and the external dimensions are not standard. In the latter stage, the standard card reader is used to replace the current reader. Some readers will also be an important technical solution.

4. Development trend of IC card application in Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system

Based on the existing use of the IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro, according to the passenger flow situation and marketing situation, more tickets will be issued to realize more functions, which will greatly meet the needs of passengers and Nanjing Metro Company; At the same time, to ensure the normal use of the card in the subway, to achieve seamless connection between public transportation, ferry, etc., more convenient for Nanjing citizens to travel, the use of one-way ticket non-contact IC card technology can more easily meet the convenience of foreign passengers. All of these require the IC card in the automatic ticketing system of Nanjing Metro to develop into a certain trend in the way of combining multiple ticket types and multiple billing methods. It is believed that the universal application of IC cards is more conducive to improving the service quality of Nanjing Metro.

Conclusion

IC card industry application system construction is a complex system engineering. Building an IC card industry application system with advanced technology, practicability, operability, high security and moderate construction cost is a need for various industries and fields to explore and research. For the benefit and convenience of the general public, the standardization of this application is becoming more and more important. The ultimate goal should be more than one card. One card is not only used in one industry or field, but more worthy of our research. The versatility of the industry and the field, because this application provides convenience to the people, saves the overall investment of IC card system engineering and enhances the versatility and manageability of the entire system.

(Author: limited liability company Nanjing Metro Ticket Center Operations Branch Jiang Bin)

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