Author: China Plastics Processing Industry Association special committee Liqing Xuan plastic
Lifting plastics should be familiar to everyone, from children's toys to instrument containers, from computer casings to car parts, from toothbrush to cylinders to aircraft parts, and plastic products are everywhere in our lives. But perhaps few people know what kind of material is plastic? What are the varieties of plastic? When was the plastic first discovered by whom? How did the plastics industry develop to this prosperity today? Let us now fully understand the material that is indispensable in our lives—plastics.
Plastic's English name "plastic" comes from the Greek "plastikos", meaning "molding", "formable" = "plasticity," and is often used as an adjective to produce the term "plastic." The original meaning of "Plastic" in Chinese characters refers to "the image of adult objects in clay" and "plasticity" is intended to mean "can be freely molded." "Plastic" is also a plastic material.
In March 1926, the Plastics magazine of the United States defined such a definition of plastic as "a material that can be molded into various shapes, unlike the non-plastic material that needs to be cut." A more strict definition generally refers to Resin is the main component, adding (or not adding) additives such as plasticizers, fillers, lubricants, colorants, etc., to form a certain shape under certain temperature and pressure, and to maintain the shape of the organic polymer material at room temperature . Among them, the resin refers to an organic polymer (usually referred to as a synthetic polymer) before being processed into a plastic product, which is solid or liquid at room temperature. The resin accounts for about 40% to 100% of the total weight of the plastic. The nature of the resin determines the basic properties of the plastic, but the additive also plays an important role. Some plastics are basically composed of synthetic resins, with or without additives, such as organic glass, polystyrene, polycarbonate, and the like. For example, the difference between plastic and resin is analogous to that of bread and flour. The main ingredient before bread processing is called flour, and the main ingredient before plastic processing is called polymer resin.
Together with synthetic rubber and synthetic fibers, plastics, as the three synthetic materials based on synthetic resins, have reached universal ubiquity over the past 100 years, and they continue to grow at an incredible pace. It is not a human miracle! Among them, plastics combines the advantages of lightweight, high-strength and low-cost, with over 60 categories and more than 300 varieties. It has a wide range of applications and has successfully replaced metals, glass and wood in many aspects, and thus it occupies an absolute position in synthetic resin end products. Advantages (above 80%).
In 1907, the introduction of phenolic plastic with coal tar as raw material marked the official start of the plastic era. Since then, with the popularization of electricity, the strong demand for insulating materials in the market has driven the rapid development of the plastics industry; the rise of the petroleum refining industry and the development of petrochemical industry have injected new blood into the plastics industry. The invention of nylon stockings is like an unprecedented The revolution, which completely liberated people from the imprisonment of natural fabrics, became a milestone in the synthetic materials industry including plastics; after the Second World War, the resin synthesis process using petroleum products as raw materials quickly replaced the dominant position of coal chemical industry in industrial raw materials. A variety of new plastic varieties have sprung up and people are overwhelmed. It is indeed a hundred flowers, it is hard to say who is the most beautiful. The popularity of plastics has brought convenience to people's lives, brought about a variety of colors, and also brought harm to the environment. Environmental issues make people feel disgusted with plastics, but scientific research is endless. High-tech will inevitably allow plastics to live in harmony with nature!
The beginning of the plastic era—the emergence of the first synthetic plastic phenolic plastic (PF)
Any commodity must have needs to develop, plastic is no exception. The first completely synthetic plastic PF was related to shellac, a natural insulating material in the late 19th century. The power industry that had just sprouted at the time contained a huge market for insulating materials. However, the price of shellac produced in Southeast Asia was soaring due to supply shortages. At that time, chemists had begun to realize that many natural resins and fibers used as coatings, adhesives, and fabrics. Both are polymers, that is, structurally repeating macromolecules, and they begin to look for compositions and methods that can synthesize polymers. If anyone can invent a cheap commodity that can replace shellac, it will undoubtedly be a great success. The American-born Belgian Leo Baekeland finally became this fortunate after years of hard work.
Baekeland was a talented inventor. He began his chemical research in the United States in 1889 and worked for a photography supplier in New York. He invented Velox photographic paper a few years later. The photo paper could be under the light but not in the sun. development.
In 1893, Baekeland resigned and founded Nepera Chemical. Later, after two negotiations, Kodak, a photographic equipment company, purchased the Velox photographic paper for a price of US$850,000 (equivalent to the current US$15 million).
From 1904, Baekeland began to study the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde.
Although as early as 1872, the German chemist Bayer discovered that this reaction can produce some slimy things, but Bayer's interest in synthetic dyes is not interested in this kind of thing. Later scientists also studied this reaction, but because of the inability to precisely control the chemical reaction did not find its use value.
Baekeland solved this problem. He invented an experimental device called Bakelizer, which can precisely adjust the heating temperature and pressure and can effectively control the chemical reaction. Baekeland succeeded in obtaining a phenolic resin with this device. After molding it, a translucent hard plastic was obtained. This plastic was not flammable, no longer melted after forming, and could not be dissolved in solvents or even acid solutions.
He named the new material bakelite in his own name, and registered Beckett's patent on July 14, 1907. From this day, Beckett, the first synthetic plastic, was born. Beckley only filed a patent application one day earlier than his British counterpart, Sir James Swinburne. Otherwise, the phenolic plastic in English might be called "Svenblet." The phenolic resin is synthesized from coal tar as the raw material, and is the world's first synthetic resin. Phenolic plastic is obtained by adding wood chips in a powdery phenolic resin and uniformly mixing and molding under high temperature and high pressure. There is no doubt that it is the first all-composite material created by mankind. Its birth marks the official entry of the human society into the plastic age. Its invention was thought to be the 20th century alchemy. Its inventor, Baekeland, was elected president of the American Chemical Society in 1924 and was named "Father of Plastics" by the "Time" magazine on May 20, 1940.
On February 8, 1909, Baekeland disclosed the plastic at a meeting of the New York Chapter of the American Chemical Society.
In 1910, he founded the General Bakelite Company and started production at his factory in New Jersey. As soon as anything is selling well, there will soon be counterfeit goods. After the World War I, the rapid development of radio and radio and other electric industries increased the demand for bakelite. Beckley soon had competitors, especially Redmanol and Condensite. Edison tried to use them. Gramophone recordings dominate the market but have not been successful. The appearance of counterfeit phenolic plastic made Baekeland use the authentic label like “IntelInside†today for its products.
In 1926, patent protection expired, and a large number of similar products flooded into the market. After negotiations, Baekeland merged with his opponent and owned a real phenolic empire.
In 1939 Baelan planned to wash his hands with gold pots. His son, George Washington Baekelan, had no intention of doing business. The company sold it to UCC for 16.5 million US dollars (equivalent to today's 200 million U.S. dollars).
The first colorless plastic that emerged after the industrialization of phenolic plastics was urea-formaldehyde plastic, which was produced by Austrian chemist John in 1918, was used as a glass substitute in Europe in the 1920s, and was later used to suppress general electrical materials and Daily necessities.
In 1920, aniline-formaldehyde plastic was born. This plastic has good water resistance, oil resistance and high dielectric properties and is suitable for the manufacture of insulating materials.
By the 1930s, melamine-formaldehyde resin, which was made from urea, had appeared. The plastic made from this resin was higher in hardness than urea-formaldehyde plastic, and it had better water resistance, heat resistance, and arc resistance and could be used for arc resistance. Insulation Materials. These three kinds of plastics are collectively referred to as aminoplasts, and they all have the advantages of hard texture, scratch resistance, colorlessness, translucency and the like, and can be made into brightly colored products, commonly known as electric jade. Due to its excellent electrical insulation properties, the electric jade and Bakelite played an active role in promoting the development of the electrical industry and instrument manufacturing industry at that time.
Aminoplasts and phenolic plastics also have a common feature - thermosetting, that can not be repeated heating heating softening cooling hardening after molding process, the product can only be used once molding, can not be repeatedly molded, this plastic is called thermosetting Plastics, as well as epoxy resins and unsaturated polyesters also belong to this class of plastics. Although this type of plastic is not recyclable, it is still visible in our lives until today due to its low cost, light insulation, durability, and corrosion resistance.
A milestone in the development of the plastic age—the invention of polyamide (PA) The two world wars of the 20th century are both a disaster for human society and an impetus for the development of the plastics industry. After World War I, with the gradual improvement of polymer chemistry theory and the maturation of coal chemical industry, as well as the rapid development of petrochemical industry, the plastics industry has developed rapidly. Nearly 20 varieties of more than 60 kinds of plastics used today are industrialized during this period. During this period, a variety of plastics, which are very different from thermosetting plastics, have been put out of fashion.
Thermoplastics, as the name suggests, are plastics that can undergo multiple heat-softening cooling-hardening processes. This plastic product can be repeatedly molded and reused after it has been molded in a single use, and is therefore also referred to as a recyclable plastic. Wastes from the recycling of once formed thermoplastics are called recycled materials. Recycled materials can no longer be used as food packaging, but can be widely used in industry. Most plastics used in our daily lives belong to this type of plastic.
In the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, the variety and production of thermoplastics increased dramatically. Polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, commonly known as plexiglass), nylon cavities, ie, polyamides, PA Snow, high-pressure polyethylene (LDPE), fluoroplastics, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS), silicone resins and other plastic products have been successively industrialized and rapidly applied to electromechanical, aerospace, automotive, construction, Agriculture and other fields and daily life. Among these plastic stars, the brightest star is the polyamide, which is the nylon that was born in DuPont.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the basic scientific research in the corporate sector was also considered an unthinkable issue. DuPont, which values ​​new product development, believes that scientific research can promote industrial production. So in 1926, Charles Stein, the research director of DuPont, proposed some basic research.
In 1927, DuPont decided to pay $250,000 a year as a research fee and began hiring chemical researchers.
In 1928, the Institute of Basic Chemistry was established. Dr. Wallance Carrothers, who is only 32 years old, was employed as the head of all the Department of Machine Chemistry. Stern’s request is to “seek only for objective phenomena concerning the properties and properties of various substances, and does not care about the specific use of the discovered phenomenon.†Carotherth is a doctor of organic chemistry at the University of Illinois. After graduating from the PhD in 1924, he was The university and Harvard University were teaching and researching organic chemistry. He highly praised the macromolecular theory put forward by the German scientist H.Staudinger.
After being hired to DuPont in 1928, Carothers, based on Staudinger's theory of macromolecules, presided over a series of studies to obtain high-molecular-weight substances using polymerization methods. He first invented neoprene and later began to study the polymerization of polyester.
In 1930, Carothers's assistant discovered that polyesters made from the condensation of ethylene glycol and sebacic acid could pull out silk like marshmallows, and the extracted silk would not be hardened or broken even after cooling, and its length could be reached. Several times, the strength and elasticity also increase greatly. They predict that this property can spin fibers, but continued research shows that obtaining fibers from this polyester is only of theoretical significance because it melts below 100°C and is particularly soluble in various organic solvents. It is only slightly stable in water, so it is not suitable for textiles. In fact, T.R. Whinfield Snow in the United Kingdom succeeded in synthesizing polyester fiber in 1940 based on the polycondensation of terephthalic acid and diol on the basis of these research results. - Polyester, which can't be said to be a pity for Carothers.
The wheel of history is advancing rapidly. Less than two years after the founding of the DuPont Institute of Basic Chemistry, the US economy entered the Great Depression. Fortunately, however, DuPont's basic research projects did not disband even in the Great Depression, but hard times also brought greater pressure on Carothers's laboratories. They must develop a marketable synthetic fiber instead of an outdated rayon. Carothers's team has submitted about 60 patent applications, but just as the new research director Elmer Bolton likes to say, none of them let him hear "the clang of a cash register." Carothers later turned his research focus on polyamides and applied for the first polyamide patent (USP 2130948) in 1931.
In early 1935, the strength and elasticity of PA fiber synthesized by pentamethylenediamine and sebacic acid exceeded the silk, and it was difficult to absorb water, and it was difficult to dissolve. The melting point was low and the raw material was expensive.
On the 28th of February Carotherth synthesized the PA66 hole with hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid each containing 6 carbon atoms. The first 6 represents the number of carbon atoms in the diamine, and the second 6 represents the diacid. The number of carbon atoms in the snow, the appearance of the polymer drawn fiber and luster as much as natural silk, wear resistance and strength than any kind of fiber at that time, DuPont decided to carry out commercial production development. However, to turn the results of the laboratory into commodities, one must address the industrial sources of raw materials; the other is to develop the production technologies and equipment for conveying, metering, and winding in the melt spinning process.
The raw materials required for the production of PA66, adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine, were used only as reagents for the laboratory. It was necessary to develop and produce large quantities of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine at an affordable price. DuPont selected rich phenol for development experiments until 1936. At the end of the year, a new catalytic technology was developed. Adipic acid can be produced in a large quantity using inexpensive phenol, and a new process for producing hexamethylene diamine using adipic acid was invented, which solved the problem of raw material sources of PA66. DuPont also pioneered the new technology of melt spinning.
In July 1938, DuPont completed the pilot test and produced PA66 fiber for the first time. In the same month, toothbrushes with PA66 bristles were put on the market and an unusual name — Miracle Cluster — was taken. In October of the same year, DuPont officially announced that the world's first synthetic fiber was born, and named PA66 Nylon Snow in Nylon, which is called Nylon in our country. Nylon was later used in English as a generic term for all polyamides that were synthesized from coal, air, water, or other substances, and that have abrasion resistance and flexibility, similar to the chemical structure of proteins.
The first pair of nylon stockings made by DuPont participated in the New York World Exposition. People describe this magical man-made silk stocking as "as thin as a spider silk, as strong as a steel wire, and as beautiful as a silk thread."
In November 10, 1939, DuPont Co., Ltd. sold its nylon stockings for the first time in a department store where it was headquartered. It was required to buy 3 pairs of clothes for each person and also to provide a local address. For this reason, fashion women from all over the country must first rush out the hotels in the city.
On May 15, 1940, DuPont launched nylon stockings for the first time in the United States. Although each person purchased 1 pair, 5 million pairs were still warned on the same day.
Nylon stockings bring $3 million in profits in 7 months! Many women who could not buy painted lines on bare legs posing as stockings. In a poll, nylon stockings were two-thirds of what women wanted most. By May 1940, nylon fiber fabrics began to spread throughout the United States. However, two years after the outbreak of the Pacific War, Nylon immediately disappeared from the civilian market and was mainly used for the production of military products such as parachutes, military tents, aircraft tire cord fabrics, and military uniforms. After the war, when nylon just returned to the civilian market, the beauty-loving girls couldn't wait to get home, and they couldn't wait to put the newly purchased nylon stockings on their legs. This old photo vividly reproduced the scene at that time.
Starting from the basic research that DuPont did not have a clear application purpose, to the birth of nylon that changed the face of people's lives, 11 years, investment of 22 million US dollars and the efforts of 230 scientists laid the foundation for the synthetic fiber industry. The invention of nylon has also become a typical example of the success of basic scientific research conducted by enterprises. It has made people realize that science is ahead of technology, and that technology must be ahead of production; there is no scientific research, no technological achievements, and the development of new products is impossible. Since then, basic research conducted or funded by companies has mushroomed around the world, allowing the results of basic scientific research to be more rapidly translated into productivity. Nylon as a synthetic fiber became a sensational superstar. In fact, in the industrialization of PA66, DuPont used it to make gears for spinning machines, but due to poor processing technology, it could not be used on a large scale.
In 1941, Germany used a plunger injection molding machine to process polyamides. Due to the limited variety and production, there was not much development. Until the Second World War, it was put into industrial production.
In 1941, DuPont first developed polyamide moulding materials and processed them into gears, bearings and wires and cables. By 1948, DuPont had produced six types of moulded products and extruded products in 12 brands. Polyamide has expanded its application space as an engineering plastic with its excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance. It is used as a substitute for metal to manufacture bearings, gears, pump leaves and other parts in machinery, chemicals, instrumentation, automotive and other industries. . Nylon fiber to PA plastic is like the sun in the star, the former's radiance in front of the eyes, so the latter, although equally dazzling, it feels much less.
In the decades before World War II, the plastic raw materials were gradually shifted from coal to oil. People can synthesize tens of thousands of new supplies from cheap oil. People's lives have become more colorful since then. Natural materials have also been used on multiple levels, creating higher economic value. Plastics varieties have sprung up like bamboo shoots in succession. In addition to PA plastics, which are well-known for their nylon fibers, many plastic varieties were introduced during this period and are rapidly becoming popular. Well-known are the following thermoplastics that are still produced in large quantities.
(1) PS: In 1930, the German legal company solved the problem of the complexity of the polystyrene process and the aging of the resin discovered by the British in 1911. It began to use the bulk polymerization method to begin industrial production in Ludwigshafen.
(2) PMMA: In 1931, the German company Rohs-Haas first built a factory for the production of PMMA, replacing the celluloid as a plane canopy and windshield.
(3) PVC: As early as 1912, German chemist Fritz Klatte invented PVC and applied for a patent, but until the patent expired in 1925, Colette and his Greisheim Electron company could not think of PVC. what is the usage. However, just a year later, in 1926, American chemist Waldo Semon independently invented PVC and found that this material has excellent water barrier properties and is very suitable for shower curtains. So Semon and his B. F. Goodrich applied for a patent for PVC in the United States. As a result, PVC began to be used in mass production.
In 1931, the German company Faben used emulsion polymerization to realize the industrial production of PVC.
In 1933, Simon discovered that high-boiling solvents and tricresyl phosphate mixed with PVC could be processed into soft PVC products. This made a real breakthrough in the practical application of PVC. U.S. Buoneen Chemical Company (Empire Chemical Company), U.S. United Carbon Corporation and Goodrich Chemical Company developed the technology of suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride and processing technology of PVC in 1936. Since then, PVC has been an important plastic variety.
(4) LDPE: In 1933, British Bu Nei Men Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. conducted experiments on the reaction of ethylene and benzaldehyde under high pressure, and found that there was a waxy solid on the wall of the polymerizer, and invented the polyethylene. In 1935, the company invented it again. The controllable high-pressure polyethylene synthesis method was adopted, and in 1939, LDPE was produced using a high-pressure gas-phase mass method.
(5) PTFE: Known as the plastic king, also known as Teflon or Fluoroplastics, was first introduced to the market by DuPont in the United States in 1943.
Plastics of this period were not only varied in variety, but also saw a dramatic increase in production. The world total production of plastics soared from 10,000 tons in 1904 to 600,000 tons in 1944. One year after the death of Baekeland in 1945, the annual output of plastics in the United States alone has exceeded 400,000 tons.
The great development in the era of plastics --- After the Second World War, the great demand for synthetic rubber in World War II has greatly promoted the progress of petrochemical and polymer materials research. Polymer materials mainly refer to synthetic fibers, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubbers, of which 80% of synthetic resins are used to produce plastics. In the five years between 1946 and 1950, the oil resources found in the Middle East averaged as much as 27 billion barrels per year, which was 9 times the world's annual oil production.
The oil price in the 1960s was $1.50 per barrel. In the 50-60s, countries around the world appeared to purchase cars, television sets, refrigerators, and washing machines. These are all synthetic materials based on synthetic resins and plastics. Therefore, from this period onwards, the world's petrochemical industry has developed rapidly and raw materials for synthetic resins have gradually shifted from coal tar to petrochemical products. Many key new technologies have been successfully developed in Europe, the United States and Japan, and more plastic varieties have been put into industrial production. During this period, the most famous is the invention of Ziegler-Natta catalysts, making polyolefins (mainly including PE and PP). ) It has become the largest plastic in the world, enabling people to design polymer structures in accordance with the needs of those who need them, thereby optimizing product performance. Ziegler and Natta also won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this great achievement.
Ziegler, a German chemist, discovered in 1953 that the use of alkyl aluminum and titanium tetrachloride as catalysts could produce a polyethylene different from the previous industrialization.
In 1939, the industrialized LDPE was made under high pressure, and its molecular structure was like a branch with many branches. Therefore, the molecular arrangement was irregular, the density of the material was low, the properties were soft, the melting point was low, and it was only suitable for food packaging bags, hoses and other things. . Ziegler discovered that the molecular structure of the PE is not bifurcated like a thin line. The molecules can be neatly arranged and crystallized. Therefore, the density is high, the melting point is high, and the strength is high. They can be used as barrels, bottles, tubes, etc. Sticks and other things that require high hardness are now known as HDPE. Ziegler himself did not realize the significance of his invention at the time and only applied for a patent for ethylene polymerization. Ziegler's work later attracted great interest from Italian chemist Nata. Natta improved the catalyst used by Ziegler to make it suitable for the polymerization of propylene, and obtained PP with high yield, high crystallinity, and high temperature resistance up to 150°C. This new product is called oriented PP. Natta is also an expert in structural analysis of X-ray diffraction. His work in this area has given us an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the structure and properties of polymers. This is extremely important. From then on, people can purposely design polymer structures to meet the expected requirements. The varieties of synthetic materials are more diversified, especially the polyolefin plastic series. By the 1970s, the world’s largest plastic varieties have been produced, and they are still in various plastic varieties. Its output ranks first, accounting for about one-third of all plastic production.
Once major breakthroughs have been made in science and technology, the speed of industrial development will be staggering.
The advent of nylon and polyester in the 1940s made the production of man-made fibers faster than the production of wool at that time. In the 16 years after the Second World War, especially in 1958-1973, the plastics industry developed rapidly under the impetus of rich and cheap petrochemical products. In 1970, the output was as high as 30 million tons. In addition to soaring output, plastic varieties also show a hundred flowers bloom: 1 A single large variety is modified by copolymerization or blending to develop a series of varieties. For example, in addition to producing various grades of PVC, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymers, and blended or graft copolymerized impact-resistant polyvinyl chloride have also been developed. Wait.
2 Developed a series of high-performance new varieties of engineering plastics. Such as polyoxymethylene POM, polycarbonate PC, ABS resin, polyphenylene ether PPE, polyimide PI and so on.
3 Widely used new technologies such as reinforcement, compounding and blending to give plastics superior overall performance and expand the range of applications.
Because of its many advantages such as low cost, light weight, insulation, non-corrosion, and stainless, plastic has gradually replaced structural materials such as metal, wood, and cement at an amazing rate of increase (12-15% per year). Its output was in the 20th century. The age exceeded aluminum, and then exceeded copper and zinc. In the 1970s, it was close to the production of wood and cement. In the early 1980s, it exceeded the representative of the industrial age in steel in the early 1980s. In 1991, the world's plastic raw materials (resin The output exceeded 100 million tons for the first time and exceeded 200 million tons in 2003.
Plastics and life — love and plastics, hate and plastics The invention of plastic products not only improves the quality of human modern life, but also advances the progress of human social civilization. All aspects of food, clothing, shelter, transportation, communication, and entertainment that are closely related to people’s lives are indissolubly tied to plastic products, enabling plastics to bring people convenience and benefits while enriching people’s lives. It is an indispensable part of people's daily life. It can be said that plastic products can be seen everywhere people. The per capita annual consumption of plastics in the world was 8 kg in 1970, 13.4 kg in 1980, and 22.5 kg in 1995, and the industrial developed countries already exceeded 50 kg. The countries with the highest per capita plastic consumption are the United States, Belgium and Germany, and in 2001 exceeded 150 kg.
Since ancient times, the source of clothing has been nothing more than natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and silk, but their rate of increase has lagged far behind the needs of people. The emergence of synthetic fibers has led people to discover that things in coal and oil can pass chemical reactions. Create clothing that rivals natural fibers, so synthetic fibers are also known as chemical fibers. Chemical fibers and plastics are all different forms of products processed from synthetic resins. The vigorous nylon sock revolution has made nylon more widely known and has brought more chemical fiber and plastic products to market. The most commonly used clothing materials are nylon fiber (nylon) and polyester, which is widely known as “Dacronâ€. - Polyester fiber, commonly known as artificial wool acrylic fiber - polyacrylonitrile fiber, hydrophobic and hydrophobic and durable polypropylene --- polypropylene (PP) fiber, absorbent good synthetic cotton called Vylon - - poly Vinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, and spandex, known as Leica, are known as polyurethane fibers. These synthetic fibers and natural fabrics can not only maintain the advantages of natural fabrics, but also overcome their shortcomings. Therefore, it has been known for decades to share the world with natural fibers. Statistics show that in 1996, the world's synthetic fiber output was equal to the world's total cotton, reaching 19 million tons. There are also some synthetic fibers with special properties, such as polyamide (PA) fiber Kevlar from DuPont, USA, which can be used to make protective equipment such as head coverings and armor for battlefields, and police bulletproof vests.
PI fiber can withstand the high temperature of two or three Baidu, but also radiation protection. A variety of sole materials are also made of plastic, and well-known wear-resistant soles include polyurethane (PU) plastic and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) plastic. The strong and beautiful styles of PVC, PE, PU plastic sandals, slippers, rain boots, and miner's shoes have long left the sandals out of the stage. In addition, plastic film shopping bags for easy pulling of clothes are also available everywhere. Plastic jewellery is widely used in the decoration of clothes because it is inexpensive and beautiful. Most of the ladies' favorite flowers are acrylic (acrylic) or unsaturated polyester plastics.
Eaters, the beginning of all things, the personnel of the original. There is also a saying that “people take food as a heavenâ€, which shows the importance of eating. However, in the past few millennia, people have become accustomed to restrictions on the growth of fruits and vegetables in spring, summer and autumn. Foods that cannot be eaten for the time being can only be preserved by air drying or salting. With the development of social civilization, the time for food production and the longevity of food preservation can be changed through scientific and technological means. In this respect, plastics have also made a lot of contribution. With plastic greenhouses, we can eat fresh fruits and vegetables all year round; with ABS plastic plates for the inner refrigerator, hot summer food will not rot; with PE cling film and PP crisper, fruits and Vegetables are not easy to dehydrate and dry, and foods are not odorized; with a variety of plastic utensils that are resistant to cleaning and high temperature sterilization, we no longer have to worry about scratching hands on porcelain bowls; with non-toxic plastic food bags, only There are a variety of small foods on supermarket shelves; with transparent PET plastic bottles, various beverages and bottled water allow people to have more choices besides drinking boiled water and fresh juices. Coca-Cola once declared that glass bottles were the best packaging materials in the 1970s. Only glass bottles can really maintain the balance between temperature and air bubbles. The cost of aluminum cans skyrocketed in the 1990s, and bottle recycling made it difficult for Coke to globalize. The plastic bottle was pushed to the front desk when Business Week listed it as one of the 100 details of globalization. The beer industry has referred to this as a sign of a complete separation with the beverage industry. However, the diversification of plastics has also placed beer bottles, which are important positions for glassware, at risk of falling.
In 1999, the Swede successfully introduced a PEN snow plastic beer bottle with excellent barrier properties and UV radiation resistance to the market. At present, the PEN plastic beer bottle has been firmly established in the Nordic market. With this unbreakable beer bottle, people can use it to bring beer into crowded places such as stadiums and movie theaters without worrying about the bottle that will injure people after drinking.
In addition to being used for food packaging, plastics have small density (about 1/3 to 1/2 of the density of natural stone is about 1/2 to 2/3 of the density of concrete, only 1/8 to the density of steel). 1/4), higher specific strength (glass fiber reinforced plastic composites - glass fiber reinforced concrete than steel and wood), low thermal conductivity (foam thermal conductivity close to the air), acid and alkali corrosion, insulation, Advantages such as good decoration, also play a role in building materials and decoration materials. The most common are plastic doors and windows, pipes, handrails, gussets, floor rolls, floor tiles, sanitary ware, and foam plastics.
PVC plastic is a versatile plastic building material. The plastic doors, windows, pipes, handrails, gussets, floor rolls, floor tiles and floor tiles used in our rooms are made of PVC. The pipes we use for drinking water are non-toxic PE and PP plastics.ç›®å‰å¸‚场上最æµè¡Œçš„塑料自æ¥æ°´ç®¡â€”——ＰＰＲ水管就是ＰＰ塑料的一ç§ã€‚如今我们的厨房å°é¢å’Œæµ´å®¤é‡Œçš„玻璃纤维增强塑料（俗称玻璃钢）å«ç”Ÿç”¨å…·æ´ç™½å¦‚玉，漂亮åˆç»“实，已ç»é€æ¸ä»£æ›¿é™¶ç“·å’Œé‡‘属å«æµ´ï¼Œæˆä¸ºæ—¶ä»£çš„æ½®æµã€‚
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