Lignocellulosic saccharification methods are commonly employed to break down complex plant materials into fermentable sugars. In conventional enzymatic hydrolysis, 10 g of pretreated lignocellulosic material is mixed with deionized water at a specific solid-to-water ratio, and the pH is adjusted to 6. A cellulase enzyme is then added at a concentration of 1% (w/w) relative to the cellulose content. After a set period of hydrolysis, the reaction is stopped, and the mixture is cooled to room temperature. The resulting enzymatic residue and sugar solution are separated via centrifugation, and the reducing sugar content in the liquid is determined using the DNS colorimetric method.
In contrast, ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis follows similar conditions but introduces an additional step: ultrasonic waves at 20 kHz are applied with a cycle of 1 minute of action followed by 2 minutes of rest. This process also ends after a certain time, and the same centrifugation and DNS analysis steps are performed. The use of ultrasound has been shown to enhance the efficiency of alkaline pretreatment by reducing the required treatment intensity, reaction time, and alkali concentration. Experiments demonstrated that both the alkali concentration and hydrolysis time needed to achieve the same decomposition rate were significantly reduced when ultrasound was applied. For example, while single alkaline hydrolysis achieved a decomposition rate of 24.18% with 1.5 hours of treatment at 8% alkali concentration, the ultrasonic-assisted method achieved 25.45% with only 5% alkali and 1 hour of treatment. This suggests that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline pretreatment is more efficient and environmentally friendly.
Comparing the effects of ultrasonic-assisted alkaline pretreatment with single alkaline hydrolysis under identical conditions, it was observed that the removal of lignin increased by 23.3%, and the degradation of cellulose improved by 12.1%. Alkali pretreatment is known for its effectiveness in removing lignin, but the addition of ultrasound enhances this further. The micro-vibration caused by ultrasonic waves not only improves lignin removal but also increases the breakdown of hemicellulose. This leads to better accessibility of the fibers, which in turn boosts the enzymatic saccharification rate.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed significant differences in the surface morphology of corn stalks after different treatments. Untreated samples (a) showed a dense and rigid structure. Samples treated with only ultrasound (b) did not show noticeable changes in surface texture, as the energy from the ultrasonic waves was insufficient to alter the material. In contrast, samples subjected to alkaline hydrolysis (c) exhibited a swollen and fragmented structure, with fibers expanding and becoming more porous. The ultrasonic-assisted alkaline pretreatment resulted in even greater structural disruption, increasing the surface area of the fibers. These morphological changes improve the accessibility of reagents and solvents to cellulose, enhancing its reactivity and solubility. Overall, the application of ultrasound during alkaline pretreatment appears to be a promising strategy for improving the overall enzymatic saccharification efficiency.
Conditioner, also known as moisturizer, is usually used in pairs with shampoo. After shampooing hair, evenly apply the right amount of conditioner on the hair, gently rub for about one minute, and then rinse with water. Therefore, it is also known as rinse conditioner, which belongs to hair cosmetics.
Hair can be divided into two types from the appearance of transparent type and emulsion type, emulsion type products are more common in the market.
Shampoo uses anionic and nonionic surfactants as the main raw materials to provide deconsoiling and foaming, while the main raw materials of conditioner are cationic surfactants. Shampoo your hair and then apply a conditioner, which neutralizes the anionic molecules that remain on the surface of your hair, forming a monomolecular membrane that keeps tangled hair compliant and easy to comb.
The healthy surface layer of hair consists of a complete set of hair scales and natural secreted oil to form the protective film of hair. Excessive washing, ironing, and sun exposure will destroy this natural protective film, resulting in the loss of water in the cortex, and make the hair dry and lose elasticity and softness. Only if you use conditioner regularly, can you form a protective layer of hair for a long time and protect your hair from damage.
Under normal circumstances, washing your hair after sun exposure should wait for your scalp and hair to cool down naturally before you begin
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