Discussion on the Ways of Checking Tickets for Tramways, Influencing Factors and Selection Principles
Modern trams gained popularity in France during the late 1990s and later expanded successfully to several Western European countries, including Germany and Spain. These modern tram systems quickly attracted public attention with their improved image, comfortable environment, and enhanced services. As a result, cities in China such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenyang, and Suzhou have also begun developing their own tram networks. The ticketing and inspection system plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency and quality of tram operations. While foreign tram systems offer valuable insights, the unique application context and operational conditions in China make it unsuitable to directly copy overseas practices. Therefore, it is essential to research various ticketing methods within the public transportation sector and adapt them to meet domestic needs.
Ticketing methods for trams can be categorized into three main approaches based on where the ticketing and inspection occur:
First, on-board ticketing. This method involves completing both ticket sales and inspection while passengers are on the tram. It includes three subtypes: manual paper ticket sales, slot machine mode, and IC card POS machine ticket checking. Manual paper tickets allow passengers to purchase tickets from a staff member using a handheld device without printing, while slot machines operate similarly to those found on buses. IC card users can swipe their cards at the vehicle's point of sale, enabling seamless integration with existing city transit cards. This approach reduces station infrastructure requirements but may slow down boarding during peak hours.
Second, off-board ticketing. This is the most common method used in domestic rail transit systems. Passengers pay for their tickets at the station before entering, either through automated machines or manned counters. Tickets can be in the form of IC cards, ID cards, or even mobile two-dimensional codes. This method improves passenger flow and reduces vehicle dwell time, allowing for smoother transfers between lines. However, it requires more station space and infrastructure, increasing construction costs and limiting compatibility with other transport modes.
Several factors influence the choice of ticketing method. Passenger demand determines how efficiently the system must operate, especially in high-traffic areas. Transfer modes also play a key role, as efficient ticketing is essential for seamless network connectivity. The fare system itself—whether fixed or metered—can dictate whether on-board or off-board ticketing is more appropriate. Station layout and traffic conditions often limit the size of tram stops, making certain methods less feasible. Labor costs and economic indicators, such as station construction and equipment expenses, must also be considered when selecting a ticketing strategy. Finally, resource integration is vital, as tram systems should work in harmony with existing urban transport networks, leveraging shared IC card systems for better connectivity.
Designing an effective ticketing plan involves analyzing these factors and comparing different options. Two primary approaches are possible: either implementing a uniform ticketing method across the entire line or adopting a hybrid model that allows flexibility for specific stations. In China, under a single-fare system, it’s recommended to use a mixed approach combining on-board and off-board ticketing. For a metered fare system, a fully unified off-board ticketing method is more suitable. Ultimately, the chosen solution should balance efficiency, cost, and user experience to ensure a smooth and sustainable tram operation.
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